Thought positions of the Woman-lead in Natrinai

This article aims to find out how the stances of the woman-lead's (Thalaivi) are situated in Natrinai, which is the first piece of Etthuthokai literature (the eight anthologies). The Sangam era speaks about women, i.e., the position of women in the love life of a man and a woman. Women of the Sangam period are depicted as heroic women in literature. Women were known to meet their men at all hours of the day and night, to protect crops, to be brave in their actions, and to be messengers for the king. The content of this article has been chosen with the aim of analysing the position of women in Natrinai. The woman's morals, lifestyle, grieving for the absence of a man, mission, etc. have been investigated through descriptive analysis. Not only that, the situation of Sangam women and women today has also been studied through a comparative analysis

Feasibility of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy during vaginal hystertectomy for benign uterine diseases

Background: Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) remains the best measure in the prevention of ovarian cancer as it lacks an effective screening tool. The need to perform prophylactic BSO shouldn't dictate the route of surgery. To assess the feasibility of prophylactic BSO during vaginal hysterectomy. To analyze the safety of the vaginal BSO.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Velammal Medical College, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India from June 2016 to June 2018 over a period of 3 years. 54 women who underwent hysterectomy for benign uterine disease in whom concomitant prophylactic BSO was attempted were included in the study. Preoperative data like age, parity, menopausal status, BMI, previous pelvic surgeries were noted from the admission record. Intraoperative details like indication for surgery, surgical procedure, duration of surgery and complications like hemorrhage, bladder, ureter and bowel injury were collected from the operative record. Postoperative recovery details were also noted down from the case sheet. The collected data were then analyzed.Results: Of the 54 women included in the study, transvaginal BSO was successful in 53 (98.1%) women. There was one case of primary haemorrhage due to slippage of ovarian pedicle, another patient required laparotomy for completing BSO. None had bladder, ureter or bowel injury.Conclusions: Prophylactic BSO is both feasible and safe in almost all patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. Developing the skill to perform transvaginal BSO can inspire gynaecologists to move a step forward and deal with benign adnexal pathology concomitantly at vaginal hysterectomy. The risk of remnant ovarian syndrome post vaginal oophorectomy is unknown

Clinical study of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in tertiary care centre

Background: A true definition of polycystic ovarian syndrome involves a blending of the morphological and histological ovarian changes with endocrine abnormalities associated with these changes. Objective of present study was to detect the differences among women with PCOS and without PCOS.Methods: Twenty-five subjects with PCOS were included in the study on first cum first basis and twenty-five non PCOS subjects just next to each PCOS cases were included as control group.Results: Mean age of PCOS and Non PCOS subjects were 42.68 and 43.88 years respectively. Sixteen percentage of PCOS were from higher socio-economic status, which was statistically significant. PCOS subjects had 96% hirsuitism, 48% acne, 4% heavy voice and breast atropy which was also statistically significant.Conclusions: Women with PCOS have a hormonal imbalance and metabolism problems that may affect their health and fertility, we found PCOS subjects are more in urban population with strong family history. Lifestyle modification and dietary modification helps for the long-term health prognosis. women who are at risk of PCOS to be educated and managed for the continuing health risk and planned potential therapeutic strategies. Further research has to look into possibility of genes linked into PCOS

Stimulation of reserpine biosynthesis in the callus of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. by precursor feeding

Reserpine is an important indole alkaloid that is used to treat hypertension and various psychiatric diseases by acting as a tranquilizing agent. In pharmaceutical industries, reserpine is in great demand. Chemical synthesis of reserpine is costlier than extracting it from natural resources. So enhancing this alkaloid in the already available system is a beneficial approach. Tryptophan is the starting material in the biosynthesis of reserpine. Callus was induced from leaf explants of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. on MS medium supplemented with the combination of 9 μM 2,4-D and 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l tryptophan. An increase in the reserpine content was observed at 50 mg/l tryptophan than in other concentrations.Key words: Callus, MS medium, Rauvolfia tetraphylla L., reserpine, tryptophan

Low Power High Gain Op-Amp using Square Root based Current Generator

A very high gain two stage CMOS operational amplifier has been presented The proposed circuit is implemented in 180nm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 0 65V The current source in the OPAMP is replaced by a square root based current generator which helps to reduce the impact of process variations on the circuit and low power consumption due to the operation of MOS in subthreshold region So with the help of square root based current generator the better controllability over gain can be obtained The proposed opamp shows a high gain of 121 9dB and low power consumption of 11 89uW is achieve

Study of histopathological patterns of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the commonest presenting symptom in gynaecology out- patient department. Endometrial sampling could be effectively used as the first diagnostic step in AUB. This study was done to evaluate histopathology of endometrium for identifying the endometrial causes of AUB. And also, to observe the incidence of various endometrial pathology in different age groups presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.Methods: A one-year prospective study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecologist in A. J. institute of medical sciences and research centre which included 200 cases of clinically diagnosed AUB patients. Histopathological examination of endometrial biopsies specimens was done, followed by clinical correlation.Results: The most common age group presenting with AUB was 41-50 years (43.84%). The commonest pattern in these patients was normal cycling endometrium (42.32%). The commonest pathology irrespective of the age group was disordered proliferative pattern (26.15%). Other causes identified atrophic endometrium (11.5%), benign endometrial polyp (5.38%), endometrial hyperplasia (5.41%), carcinomas (0.79%) and chronic endometritis (1.54%).Conclusions: The knowledge of endometrial pattern in a case of AUB helps to decide a plan of management. Endometrial sampling plays a very important role in management of AUB, especially in the age group of more than 40 years; i.e., the peri and post-menopausal age groups, where incidence of malignant or pre malignant conditions was noted to be the highest

Cardiovascular changes in patients presenting with vertigo

Background: The term dizziness often used to refer to a host of complaints which present in a similar manner. Of these vertigo is the most common. A thorough knowledge of cardiovascular changes that occur in subjects presenting with peripheral vertigo will help the treating medical practioner to promptly identify the cause of symptoms and prevent any confusion that may alter the course of treatment. The aim of this study to identify the changes in cardiovascular parameters that occur in patients with vertigo.Methods: Study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital during a period of two years during which 100 subjects where studied. Of these 50 where healthy adults which was taken as control group. Remaining 50 subjects where those who were admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of peripheral vertigo and termed as case group. Cardiovascular parameters where accessed in terms of pulse rate, rhythm, blood pressure and ECG Recordings among both the groups taken in static position and with 30 degree head tilt backwards and 45 degree angulation on either sides as is done during Dix-Hallpike’s maneuver immediately, after 3 minutes and 10 minutes of positioning the patient.Results: The study showed that there is no significant change in cardiovascular parameters in patients with vertigo when compared with healthy individuals in static position. Immediately following change in position of head there is sudden fall in pulse as well as blood pressure which then gradually comes back to baseline levels in healthy individuals. When there is a labyrinthine dysfunction in those who have hyper active labyrinth the pulse rate and Blood pressure increases sharply immediately after change in position then gradually comes back to baseline level. In hypo active labyrinth the pulse rate and blood pressure falls marginally compared to normal individuals and in dead labyrinths there is a significant fall in pulse rate and blood pressure immediately following change in position which then gradually reverts back to normal.Conclusions: From our study it is quite clear that there are considerable changes in cardiac parameters in patients presenting vertigo which should be kept in mind while evaluating the patients to prevent misdiagnosis. The study also proves a close coordination between vestibular system and central cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms during positional changes to maintain hemodynamic stability.

STABILITY INDICATIVE AND COST EFFECTIVE ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF FENOFIBRIC ACID AND PITAVASTATIN BY USING RP-HPLC

Objective: The current investigation was pointed at developing and progressively validating novel, simple, responsive and stable RP-HPLC method for the measurement of active pharmaceutical ingredients of Fenofibric acid and Pitavastatin. Methods: A simple, selective, validated and well-defined stability that shows gradient RP-HPLC methodology for the quantitative determination of Fenofibric acid and Pitavastatin. The chromatographic strategy utilized X-bridge phenyl column of dimensions 250x4.6 mm, 5 micron, using isocratic elution with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1 percent formic acid (60:40). A flow rate of 1 ml/min and a detector wavelength of 242 nm utilizing the PDA detector were given in the instrumental settings. Results: Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to an international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines. LOD and LOQ for the two active ingredients were established with respect to test concentration. The calibration charts plotted were linear with a regression coefficient of R2 > 0.999, means the linearity was within the limit. Recovery, specificity, linearity, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness were determined as a part of method validation and the results were found to be within the acceptable range. Conclusion: The proposed method to be fast, simple, feasible and affordable in assay condition. During stability tests, it can be used for routine analysis of the selected drugs

Incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in tracheostomised and non tracheostomised patients

Background: Pneumonia is the most common hospital acquired infection in the intensive care unit. One of the causes for hospital acquired pneumonia is ventilator associated pneumonia. Tracheostomy is known to prevent occurrence of ventilator associated pneumonia as it decreases the respiratory dead space, assists in better clearance of secretions and prevents chances of aspiration. Generally, tracheostomy is done after 2 weeks of endotracheal intubation to prevent tracheal complications. The aim of this study is to identify the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in tracheostomised and non tracheostomised patients and to see if early tracheostomy can prevent development of ventilator associated pneumonia.Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital during a period of four years. 100 patients who were on mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days where taken up for the study. APACHE 4 scoring system was used. The incidence of Ventilator associated pneumonia in tracheostomised and non tracheostomised patients was studied.Results: In our study the total incidence of VAP was 44 %. In our study out of the 42 patients who had undergone tracheostomy 13 (30.95%) patients had ventilator associated pneumonia. Among the non-tracheostomised patients 31 (53.44%) out of 58 patients developed ventilator associated pneumonia. In our study the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia was much lesser (12%) in patients who underwent tracheostomy in the period 7 to 10 days after mechanical ventilation, whereas in those who underwent tracheostomy after 11 days incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia was much higher.Conclusions: Our study showed that the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia was much higher among non tracheostomised patients compared to patients who underwent tracheostomy. Hence patients undergoing earlier tracheostomy had a clear advantage than those undergoing tracheostomy late or non tracheostomised patients in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia